It does sound like you spent your time well and learned a lot, one of the rare cases. I wonder how much of the research papers you actually understand deeply given that you lack common background knowledge. It may surprise you how many research papers are actually ill-conceived, and it is hard to see how bad they are if you don't know enough about the state of the art. You are on the right track if you want to catch up on what you would have learned in school. Just about anything in CS can be self-taught given enough time and effort, though you may need to seek feedback from others if you can't figure some things out on your own.